Mangantar Sitohang
STIBA IEC Jakarta
Tohang-tantan@live.com
ABSTRACT
This research attempts to analyze Shakespeare language
symbols/imagery in King Lear (Tragedy Drama). It is generally agreed that there are always many factors
why a playwright is still remembered from
a century to next centuries,
and among many factors that could make someone always well-known/remembered is his/her language factor beside the theme or the
messages s/he wanted to convey, of course. So a playwright language style
is very powerful that the readers or the people who read his/her works are often amazed and entertained, eventhought
the works themselves were actually created several centuries ago. And King Lear is acknowledged as one of
the great tragedies in Literature and to get to know it, is stimulating and
exciting intellectual experience, as this tragedy (King Lear) is not only rich
and colorful language but it also contains multi-dimensional messages that are
still interesting to know but the researcher’s focus is only toward it’s
language phenomenon in King Lear., and it is clear fact that language in King Lear is one of variety and appropriateness; it reveals
Shakespeare at the peak of his achievement. He
had succeeded to choose the right rhetoric devices or signs in his period and
wonder many people are still amazed / inspired up to now due to his unique and
rich language. His symbols / imagery,
combined with verse and prose in King Lear can express penetratingly the
essence of a thing, emotion or situation in term of another, thus convey the
sharpness of one’s own vision and sensitivity one’s reader or spectator, again
the imagery
/ symbol here, are connected aspects or angles of people’s lives, and all are
interwoven beautifully, and again it’s the language quality of King Lear that
makes the researcher is tempted to observe it.
Key
words: language symbols/imagery, playwright, intellectual experience,
interwoven beautifully.
A.
INTRODUCTION
1.
Background
Among
many world class/great playwrights,
Shakespeare is the only one labelled as the greatest plyawright, As Martin
Lings said “ Shakespeare has been defined more than once as ‘ the most famous
writer in the world’ . Admittedly, fame does not coincide with execellence; but
he is by common concent- we migth even say international consent- a dramatist
who has never been surpassed “ (The
Secret of Shakespeare). Even though he was born many centuries ago, he is still
recognised / known as the greatest playwright in England and in the world up to
now (Samekto, SS,MA. page 21 1986).
His works are still popular up to present, that’s
because of his brilliant style
to write very rich themes and issues and to show interesting techniques in
Characterisation, Structure, Imagery and Verse and Prose in almost all his works, and his works still
can be enjoyed by his readers / listeners or
moviegoers.
The form of his work is unique and
incomparable, impaired by faults as brilliant as the colours in the golden
pheasant’s plumage. He was afflicted by all the diseases of style proper to his
age, one after another, as well as by it’s happy bravery, and blended them in a
style entirely his own, which transforms it’s constituent elements and
harmonizes disparaties as numerous though they had been assembled in each play
in fulfillment of a wager. (History of English Literature, Legouis
&Cazamian’s 1957:
435)
Shakespeare is like food, we take very much
for granted. It is only when we come across a passage of a particular intensity in a play that we question how that
language has been employed to
achieve the result, just as it is for exotic dishes that we enquire about the
ingredients. To many, therefore
Shakespeare may well seem more familiar
than most modern dramatists. This situation is accentuated by the
assimilation of so many Shakespearean expressions in our daily language
(N.F.Blake, 1989 :
7). So his language style to impress and
entertain his readers is beautifull and unique, and up to the present many
famous quotations from him are popular
and inspiring to us, such as;
What’s in a name? That which we call arose . Parting is such a sweet sorrow.
All that glitters is not gold. To be or not to be. The course of true love
never did run smooth , Take her or leave
her, Although the last but but not the least (the last two taken from King
Lear) The above Shakespeare’s sayings are are really refreshing and easy to
remember and they are eternal even though they were created hundreds years ago.
In King Lear, Shakespeare always displays the
magnificent range of his linguistic power and linguistic richness, and they are
almost inexhaustible and King Lear itself contains some of the highest peak of
Shakespeare’s poetic art, and as a result his words often contain many connotations.
In short the language found is diverse
and alive. So the researcher is curious to investigate and reveal how
Shakespeare shows the diversities of his language in King Lear and to
convey his exact and alive message in the right context.
As mentioned previously that much of Shakespeare’s
fame or popularity up to now is much influenced or colored by his language
style that makes almost all his works are still memorable and King Lear is
without exception. Again, Shakespeare’s language diversities and richness found
in King Lear are very rich or colorful, and to mention some such as; poetic and
verse elements, register (language variety) and symbolism/imagery. And researchers
only focus in this investigation, deals with symbolism/imagery, as
symbolism/imagery itself has many types/kinds and also has slippery references
in real life situation. So in
King Lear, the presence of symbolism/imagery can often express penetratingly
the essence of a thing, emotion or situation in terms of another, and thus to
convey the sharpness of one’s vision and sensitivity to his/her target
audience. And this play has the vibrant web of imagery which makes story
becomes compelling, dark, harsh, and disturbing, as the readers / audience are
also challenged to grab both denotative messages and connotative messages as
well.
Their
uses in the play are to portray the
characters habit or personality and again the presence of imagery
certainly describes ideas and object aptly but at the same time, it gives
special effect or
emphasis and their messages can be slippery at
the same time also entertaining. Actually almost the characters in this play
use/utter many imageries/symbols, but
researcher just focuses the symbols used/uttered by Lear, as His tragedy
becomes the main the theme of this play.
2. The Objectives
Based on the background
above, the objectives of this study are to
find out the symbols/imageries which are used in King Lear used by King Lear
Himself and to find out what emotions the symbols signify.
3.
Theoretical Framework
The old literary works language characteristics are more unique, such as
in King Lear than the more up-to –date ones. Their uniqueness is so abundant so
it needs some techniques or approaches to make it more clear, especially
dealing with imagery/language symbols meaning analysis, so here the researcher
would first see language symbol analysis
perspectives from some inter related disciplines.
3.1.
Stylistics.
One way of relating language with literature is through Stylistics, which H. G. Widdowson has
described as being an area of mediation between two disciplines. The
disciplines that he refers to are those of linguistics and literary criticism
and Widdowson explains the link between linguistics and language, on the one
hand, and literary criticism on the other in the form of a diagram.
Disciplines:
Linguistics Literary Criticism
Stylistics
Subjects : Literature Language
(
English ) ( English )
The above frame by Widdowson
wants to show us that Stylistics is
neither a discipline nor is it a subject. The diagram shows that Stylistics can not only facilitate
literature and language as subjects to move both linguistics and literary
criticism but can also provide for the progression of toward a student better
comprehension and appreciation of literature. So it can be paraphrased,
that Stylistics, a method of textual
interpretation in which of place is assigned to language uses, and the purpose
of stylistics is to explore/investigate the language, and more specifically, to
explore/investigate creativity language uses or phenomenon especially in
literary texts. (Paul Simpson, 2004 : 3)
3.2.
Meaning perspectives
From Semantics angle, meaning perspectives partly can be observed from
three layers, they are reference, denotative and connotative meanings.
Reference is the relation between a language expression and whatever expression
pertains to it in a particular situation of language use, including what a
speaker may imagine. Denotation
identifies the central aspect of a meaning which everybody generally agrees
about, while connotation refers to the personal aspect of meaning, the
emotional association that the arouses. Connotations vary according to the
experience of individuals but, because people do have common experience, some
words have shared connotations. And it is widely agreed that connotation
meaning will have to do both emotional and personal meanings/messages
3.2.1.
Semiotics, Signifier
and Signified
The process of creating and interpreting symbols, sometimes called
signification which is far wider than language, Scholars like Ferdinand de
Saussure (1974) have stressed that the study of linguistic meaning is part of
this general study of the use of the sign system, and this general study is
called semiotics. Semioticians investigate the type of relationship that may
hold between sign and the object it represents, or, in de Saussure terminology
between a signifier and it’s signified.
The following is Ferdinand de Saussure’s semiotic triangle showing the
theory of indirect relationship of reference
Thought
(concept)
Symbol referent
3.2.2.
Reference and
denotation.
In every language there are words
like tree and run and red which seems
to have an obvious relation to objects and events and description of the things
in the world around us. We are likely to think that a language consists of a
large number of words and each these words has a direct correlation with
something outside of a language which is its meaning. And if we communicate
with one another through language, it must be that we all have the same ‘idea’ or
‘concept’ associated with each word. And according to Charles W. Kreider, the
best known elaboration of this view was made by Odgen and Richard (1923) who
developed a mentalistic theory about meaning, an attempt to explain meaning in
term of what is in people’s mind. Their explanation centers around this scheme:
Concept
Word Object
Odgen and Richard called the bond
between word and the concept an ‘association’ the bond between concept and
object ‘reference’, and the bond between object and word ‘meaning’.
1.4. Imagery Language.
Imagery, as literary term is difficult to describe with precision,
because the way it is used is often loosely, but according to Richard, 1997:
173 Imagery language is words or
sentences that produce strong picture–like images may be easier to remember than
those without visual imaginary. So in broad sense, it can be used to
describe any writing which is descriptive, and help the readers to visualize a
scene and to experience a playwright’s experience.
But basic essence of imagery is to create a particular picture in
readers / audience’s mind. And the most condensed form of imagery can be found
in figures of speech, although not all figures of speech involve imagery.
Another form imagery is in the use of symbolism. Symbolism is a use of a language
in which an image represent something, by the presence of symbolism word or
words / sentence can evoke the meaning into more colorful or stronger effects.
In King Lear both symbolism and imagery become important parts/elements in
almost in every act and scene, and these elements are perhaps King Lear’s icon,
and make it as Shakespeare’s greatest works.
1.5. Methodology
In this observation, the
researcher uses descriptive discourse analysis to describe the theories related to this research topic.
1.
METHODOLOGY
This study aimed to get the
understanding about the
symbols/imageries which are used in King Lear used by King Lear Himself and
what emotions the symbols signify. Research methodology used is a qualitative method
B.
FINDING AND
DISCUSSION
Before the researcher attempts to reveal the presence of the imageries/symbols
in King Lear, the researcher would like to tell at glance the tragedy of King
Lear, more especially in relation with the uses of symbols/imageries , and this
following is the very brief summary; “Realizing that He is no more young, King
Lear plan to inherit his Kingdom into three parts, as He has three children
(daughters), they are Goneril ( the first daughter), Regan ( the second) and
the third and King Lear’s most favorite among the three, and before the King Himself announced his total
authority about the division of His
Kingdom to his daughters, He demanded to hear/listen about his daughters’
commitment for the King publicly/openly when
he retired, the first two daughters, Goneril and Regan very successfully
pleased their father by giving very beautiful words/promises, and the following
Goneril’s reply to King’s demand:
Sir, I love you more than word
can wield the matter:
Dearer than eyesight, space
and liberty;
Beyond what can be valued,
rich
or rare... (1.1. 52-55 )
Having listened to Goneril’s flattery beautiful pledge (promise), Lear is
very satisfied and happy and He gives Goneril’s portion as already planned.
The second daughter, Regan gives no different
flattering verse forms, and a bit longer, hoping to get more attention from the
King.
Regan :
I am made of that self metal
as
my sister,
And prize me at her worth, in my
true heart
I find she names my very deed of love;
Only she comes too short: that I
profess...
...I am alone felicitate
In your dear highness’ love. (1.1. 65 -70 ).
When demanding the open
commitment from his most favorite daughter, Cordelia, She simply responds
Cordelia answers: Nothing, my Lord.
Lear: Nothing?
Cordelia: Nothing.
Lear: Nothing will come
of nothing:
speak
again.
Cordelia: Unhappy
that
I am,
I cannot
heave
My heart into my mouth:
I love
your majesty
According to my bond;
no more
no less...(
1.1 .87-90 ).
Upon hearing his favorite reply, that is totally
different from hope/expectation King is upset and furious, and the King final
decision is not to divide his kingdom into three but just for Goneril and Regan
and Cordelia gets nothing. The King even let someone, King of France marry
Cordelia without any dowry and he also curses his own daughter. Both Goneril
and Regan are very happy of their misjudgment for his transfer of power. To
them, the transfer of power is not total yet as the King still keeps half his
knights under his control and Goneril and Regan question about their insincere
stance. They both want to have all the knights from their father, but their
father reject ,and then Goneril and
Regan send their knights to attack the King’s knights and the is defeated even thought is already
helped King of France so at last the
king becomes homeless as, Goneril and Regan don’t let their father stay with
them in turns as the King once hoped before giving his power to them. At last
King realized his abundant mistakes, the first two daughters are heartless to
their father, beside they also illicit lover for the man called Edmund and of
course these are the triggers of all symbols/imageries presence. So mostly it
is the King who articulates the symbols and the same time, it is for Goneril
and Regan , the symbols are addressed to.
Actually, there are some other
characters who use/articulate symbols or who get those symbols in King Lear but
the researcher’s focus is to Lear who articulates the symbols and his three
daughters to whom the symbols are addressed. Disappointed by his favorite daughter reply, the king
is furious, then he swears Cordelia by saying
1-3. “For , by the sacred radiance of the sun, the
mysteries of Hecate, and the night , by all the operation of the robs” ( I,I.105-107)1. Sun denotes to one the
galaxies that gives light or warm to the
earth, while connotatively relates strong passion, Here Lear also swears that his ties with Cordelia are
broken, and mysteries source of nature that
he mentions represent his passion in revolt against, and the mysteries of hecate
denotes the rites of the goddess with the darkness of night and the operation of the rob , According
to astrology this denotes the position of the body that determine or indicate
somebody’s fate in the future. And in one occasion when one of his loyal men
reminded him to think more clearly to his daughter Cordelia, so he could stop
his rage, then king answer arrogantly
4. "Come not between the Dragon and his wrath" (I, i, 117). Seen connotative angle, this has
to do with very personal and emotional condition, showing arrogance or confidence.
The use of dragon
shows the denotation great power and
viciousness as dragon is known as a most powerful monster in myth. So, Lear thinks himself as a man who is capable of
causing terrible disaster, So the possible referent is what
illogical tempramental aging person is.
5. He says “The bow is bent and drawn; make from the
shaft” . ( I.i. 138). It means he does not any one to interfere he
intended to do to his daughter and Lear realizes Goneril’s rudeness and inhumanity to himself, then He utters
6. "...she may feel How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have
a thankless child!..." (I, iv, 273 - 274). Seen from denotative
aspect, serpent is one of the poisonous snakes having very sharp and
connotatively refers Lear’s has curse toward Goneril to be childless and if it is not, she would be
present with a child that gives burden to her all life. Other possible message, that Goneril is the thankless child and the cause
she made to her father is much more painful than a serpent's bite. As a
serpent's bite may kill at once, but what more can be worse than death, beside the great pain and suffering one must endure which made one longed for
death. This is how Goneril is being portrayed, the cause of suffering worse
than death itself. Lear’s words
are symbol of great rage , anger and frustration./
7."Sharp-toothed
unkindnesslike a vulture..." (II, iv, 130), is what Lear told Regan of
her sister Goneril is like the ferocious bird that feeds on flesh. Lear is
indicating of Goneril's cruelty on him which he explained as though Goneril
feeds on Lear's heart. This is just really indicating that Goneril has made an
action of banishing Lear out of her castle and causes the man to feel hurt by
his daughter's craziest deed. The next symbol Lear attaches
to Goneril and Regan is
8.'Pelican daughters' (III, iv, 73). Denotatively, pelican, type of bird, when young lings would peck their parents during feeding time and it is thought that the young lings attack their parent in
order to feed on its parent's flesh and blood. Connotatively, this refers to,
that Goneril and Regan’s action in banishing away their own father after
gaining what they wanted from him. They peck him hard that could eventually
lead to his senility and in powerless degree.
Then knowing that her father is
badly treated and homeless by her two sisters, she show her anger about the clothes
the Lear wears. In King Lear
clothes are predominantly used as signs of social identity, meaning they often
become central emblem or symbol in the language of the play and very often can show
status, prestige and
conditions of the wearers. Cordelia
shows her anger about the clothes her father wears:
9. Crown’d with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds these
denote flowers that are to leader/king’s head in the ceremony or they are
bitter smell flower.
10. With hardokes, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers, these
also denote type of flower growing ploughed lands
11. And all the idle weeds that grow this
refers to flowers that don’t grow well / healthily as they normally grow among
other plants
12. In
our sustaining corn.
Refers to kinds of plants that
could provide source of food like bread, cookies or flour (IV.iv.3-6 ).
The above
words are deliberate mockery of kingship (Lear himself is crowned with weeds).
This is the sign or symbol that shows a very real shameful appearance of order
or condition in society. This should happen, when his daughters baished him.
And till about clothes, Lear’s words are;
Robbes
and furr’d gowns hide all. Plate sin with gold,
And the
strong lance of justice hurtles breaks;
Arm it in
rages, a pigmy’s straw does pierce. (IV. vi.158-161).
Lear’s
critics or judgement, ‘Robes and furr’d gowns’ or plating of ‘gold’, meaning
from outer appearance, they show expensive price clothes, as only the rich can afford, besides they also
function to hide or cover all their hypocricy or true identity, that people may
misjudge the wearers, and of course this can create problems. Realizing
his condition due his own misjudgement, ( V.iii. 304
) Lear asks himself “
13 . “ Why should a dog, a horse, a rat,
have life?” He quetions himself why Cordelia should be dead so soon, She was
killed by unheartedman and this is perhaps the peak of his terrible suffering.
To him the basest animals are much more needed that he himself, as he has made some stupid mistakes and lost his favorite daughter who
gives him genuine attention / care. Before the death of her favorite daughter,
Cordelia, Lear says to her; (V.iii.10-14).
14 . ” Come, let’s away to prison, we two alone
will sing like birds in the cage. The cage refers to the bird’s house,
but this can be associated with prison, or
opportunity to have reconciliation When thou dost ask me blessing, I’ll kneel down and thee
forgiveness, so we will live, and pray , and sing, and tell the tales and laugh
15. at gilded butterflies, , refer to
butterflies that are colorful and beautiful , but this may also have
association with people who are beautifully dressed courtiers.
16. and hear poor rogues. Refers to the
needy and sinned people but can also have other connotation like injustices or
discrimination
Kinds of symbol/imagery uttered
by Lear.
From the
above shown facts, Lear’s language symbols present in the play can be
categorized/classified as follows;
1
Nature symbol / imagery.
1-3
2
Animal symbol / imagery. 4, 6,7,8,9,10,11.
3.
Tool symbol / imagery.5.
4.
Clothes symbol. 9,10,11,12.
Additional symbol analysis
1.1. Sun in the play context, has to do with self-confidence
or self-ruled character/selfishness of an old man. At the same time, this can
also reflect some personal/emotional
associations such as giving light, warmth, heat, brightness or
clearness, authority so sun does not refers to one of the plants but have many
personal /emotional connotation.
2.4.Dragon
refers to an imagery fire-breathing animal/ bid monster animal which is very
powerful and vicious that can cause great disaster/damage.
But at the same time this can
signify arrogant and confident character or arrogance and carelessness an old man/king, (in King Lear context).
2. 6. "...she
may feel How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have
a thankless child!..." This sign/symbol can refer and signify fearful , pitiful feeling and great suffering of an old man that makes his life very
terrible, or his sweet and beautiful dreams become great disaster to his life
2.7."Sharp-toothed
unkindnesslike a vulture..." This symbol still refers to animal-like daughter behaviour to
their father who is getting old. Other possible association to the above symbol
; total forgetfulness, unthankful and brutal. . sister Goneril is like the
ferocious bird that feeds on flesh. Lear is indicating of Goneril's cruelty on
him which he explained as though Goneril feeds on Lear's heart. This is just
really indicating that Goneril has made an action of banishing Lear out of her
castle and causes the man to feel hurt by his daughter's craziest deed.
2.8.'Pelican daughters' can refer to heartless person to their parents as a result makes
their parents in terrible life. Realizing his condition due his own misjudgment,
2.9.Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life?” Possible association from
this symbol , is early/unpredictable
death , great regret caused by age, stupidity or misjudgment, or animals are
more needed than he himself.
2.10. ” Come, let’s away to prison, we two alone
will sing like birds in the cage this symbol may refer to life that can
give value to others or life that is already guaranteed and /or life having
limited freedom.
2. 11. at gilded butterflies, ,signify
beauties, arts, entertainment or values to others
2. 12. and hear poor rogues possible
association is dishonesty, bad temper and punishment.
3.5. “The
bow is bent and drawn ; make from the shaft” . this can signify carelessness, unalertness or making hasty
decision that can not be rewithdrawn or something that is already done but impossible
to change.
4.9.10,11,12. 9. Crown’d
with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds, 10. With hardokes, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers,.11. and all the idle weeds that grow.12. In
our sustaining corn.
These signs/symbols are associated with
deliberate mockery of kingship
or a very real shameful appearance of order or condition in society or
belittling the king status
Symbols used.
The dominant symbols present in King Lear and
uttered by Lear himself is animal/imagery symbols and mostly their
the presence
show people’s characters/ bad had habits which
have arrogance, cruelty, selfishness, brutality, evil
act sadness and regret.
And all these bad / wild animal- behaviors bring / cause disaster /suffering or tragedy to
people.
Meaning change and extention of animal symbols
All
animals used in imagery context, refer / show their negative connotations or
associations,(
pelican bird feeds fish, serpent is a large poisous snake also called as devil
snake almost all other animals) while in
reality, they were (are) present in our lives giving some beneficial aspects or
inspirations such as; bravery, perseverance, endurance etc, so seen from
semantic change, their uses can be classified as;
-Perjoration, part of the semantic change that requires negative
sense, as the
presence animal symbol/sign and clothes
symbol seen from negative angles both from personal and emotional aspects
-Narrowing, part of the semantic change where by a word goes
from a general sense to a more specific one,
animal and clothes symbols can be seen from specific situation both
personally and emotionally
So all animals used in symbol /
imagery context show the likeliness of human behaviour or characters with those
beasts, and it leads into suffering or tragedy and clothes for status/condition /prestige or facts.
Signifier
and Signified related with animals
As also mentioned on the earlier part, that structure of the language ( to Ferdinand de Saussure’s
version)
is always related with signifier and signified. So in relation with symbol /
imagery, it also has to do with material
aspect (signifier) and idea or concept
(signified). These two can never be seperated, meaning when there is signifier,
there will be also signified, and the meaning or concept (idea) is often
arbitrary, as time, situation, interlocutors etc, become important factors, and yet
there is no intrinsic/direct relation between sign/symbol with the signified ,
in other words their relation is also arbitrary.
Again mentioned also in previous parts that Odgen
and Richard said , there is also
relation the bond between word (
sign/symbol) and the concept an ‘association’ the bond between concept and
object ‘reference’, and the bond between object and word ‘meaning’. The
relation between words (signs/symbols) and the associations can be
personal/emotional . The emotions might have to do with surprises, arrogance,
confidence, rages/anger, sadness, regret as
shown in the above parts..
Emotion condition revealed
Lear at the beginning
feels confident in proclaiming the division or transfer of his kingdom to his
three daughters, meaning Lear plans to
inherit his kingdom, but one of his daughter, Cordelia could not declare very sweet promises before the public, like
her daughters, King Lear showed his madness and arrogance that he decided
to disinherit her and He inherits only to Goneril and to Regan and Cordelia
gets nothing as Lear feels his is still powerful. When getting inhuman
treatment from Goneril and Regan , Lear is shy, disappointed and furious as
their promises are totally empty that He curses them by labelling with
animal-like behavior daughters, and realizing that he made misjudgment to his
daughters, he has great regrets, especially to Cordelia, as she still always shows good respect to her father even
though she gets nothing and even constantly gives full supports during her
father sufferings before her death. In short, unalertness, misjudgments, rage, madness,
arrogance, hatred selfishness, shame, disappointment, frustrations and great regret all are the emotions shown
the symbol /imagery presence from Lear’s utterances.
Conclusion
The symbol / imagery used in the play, function to
describe the ‘image –idea’ added to the literal idea. Images work to produce an
immediate dramatic effect, such as conveying the characters emotions vividly to
the audience. Images recur within the play , and occur within the a context of
other imagery often closely comparable or structurally related. And
they often recur
in a modified form, or by appearing in ironic and unexpected context meaning
the “image-idea’ is not static, therefore, it can have a developing new
messages. Many images suggest that the characters externalise personal
qualities, attributed non- human traits. And last but not least, symbol /
imagery helps the readers to see the universe as an enlargement of personal
experience. These are parts of Shakespeare genius creativity in
creating artistic and beautiful language that can be enjoyed up to now, He
often conveys his messages not literally but with his own language
uniqueness that makes his works well-remembered and King Lear is with exception
and if his fame fades away .
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